Article
TMS vs. tDCS: Comparing Brain Stimulation Therapies for Depression
Brain stimulation, Treatment options
Brain stimulation, Treatment options
- What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). TMS researchers and clinicians can change the activity of brain cells by using a magnetic field.
- Why does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation work. Well, TMS researchers, such as Janicak & Dokucu , explain the hypothesis behind TMS’s effectiveness.
- What is the difference between TMS and RTMS. When used clinically (such as in depression treatment, rTMS usually involves several thousand pulses over a period of 30 to 60 minutes.
- TMS is administered by professionals, whereas tDCS can be used at home.
- The key takeaway. The important thing to remember is that both TMS and tDCS are effective treatments for depression and can be successfully used as alternatives to antidepressant medication.
Both Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) are successfully used as depression treatments, but how exactly do they work and what’s the difference? Well, even though they target the same brain area, there are some important differences between the two brain stimulation techniques. For example:
- TMS is administered by health care professionals, whereas tDCS can be used at home.
- Most of the TMS research focuses on treatment “resistant” depression, whereas tDCS is primarily/usually recommended for mild to moderate depression.
This article aims to highlight these differences and similarities between TMS and tDCS. It will give you a detailed description of how TMS and tDCS work, their effectiveness in regards to depression treatment and an overview of the scientific history of each technique. In other words, this is your complete guide to TMS and tDCS for depression.
We’ll start by explaining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, move on to transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and end with an overall comparison between the two. Enjoy!
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?
Before diving deep into the history and efficacy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, let’s find out what TMS is and how it works. This part can get a bit technical, but it should be worth the trouble if you’re interested in understanding TMS. Here it comes:
With TMS, electromagnetism is used to alter the activity in specific areas of the brain. This means that TMS researchers and clinicians can change the activity of brain cells by using a magnetic field. The magnetic field is about the same strength as the one used in an MRI scan and the procedure typically lasts for 30-60 minutes. No anesthesia or muscle relaxants are needed and the patient is awake through the whole procedure.
First, a health care professional places a coil against the patient’s scalp. In depression treatment, the coil is placed on the forehead to target a brain area in the front of the brain called the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This brain area plays an important role in depression (see the next section for more information about the DLPFC).
After that, electromagnetic pulses are passed through the coil. The magnetic pulses travel through the scalp and the skull and finally cause an electrical field in the DLPFC. The electrical field changes the activity of the brain cells and also affects neuronal networks connected to the area. So, why would the researchers and doctors want to do this? The next section will give you the answer.
How Does TMS Treat Depression? The Science Explained
So far we’ve concluded that TMS changes the activity in the brain’s cortex and that the treatment helps against depressive symptoms, but why is that? What happens in the brain during TMS treatment? Well, TMS researchers, such as Janicak & Dokucu, explain the hypothesis behind TMS’s effectiveness. It reads something like this:
- Brain images of depressed patients show that depression is associated with lowered activity in an area in the front of the brain, called the DLPFC.
- When the activity in the DLPFC is unbalanced, it can lead to depressive behaviours, such as appetite changes, sleep disturbance and low energy levels.
- TMS treatment increases blood flow and metabolism in the DLPFC, which restores brain activity and decreases the depressive symptoms
Later on, you can study the scientific evidence for TMS treatment with the help of a TMS timeline, but first, let’s have a look at the difference between TMS and rTMS.
TMS vs rTMS: What's the Difference
If you have searched the web for TMS, you may have noticed that the treatment is sometimes called Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and sometimes referred to as repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS).
TMS and rTMS use the same technique and the same technical equipment. The only difference is that TMS creates a steady electromagnetic pulse, whereas rTMS creates several, repeated pulses. When used clinically, for example in depression treatment, rTMS usually involves several thousand pulses over a period of 30 to 60 minutes.
In general, TMS is used in experiments to explore the brain’s different functions and rTMS is used in the treatment of depression when clinicians want the changes in brain activity to last for a long period of time. So, when you read about TMS as a treatment for medical disorders, the procedure used is probably rTMS.
How Effective Is TMS? What the Research Shows
To help you get an overview of the scientific evidence supporting the use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for treating depression, we’ve created a timeline including the most important discoveries in TMS’s history. Take a look!
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) was originally invented by researcher and engineer Dr. Anthony T. Barker and his colleagues in 1985. Previous research had shown that pulses from magnetic fields could stimulate nerves in the body. Dr. Barker’s team expanded on this idea and invented a machine that could stimulate the cerebral cortex of the human brain, using electromagnets. The stimulation from the magnets caused less discomfort and disruptions than stimulation from the electric shocks used at the time.
The first clinical research trial, exploring the effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for depression, was conducted. One of the most interesting things about this study was that it focused on six patients who were all “treatment-resistant”, meaning they had been given different types of antidepressant medications without effect. When given TMS, their scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression significantly decreased (lower scores mean less depression). The researchers concluded that:
“Daily left prefrontal rTMS appears to be safe, well tolerated and may alleviate depression”.
Hundreds of research teams explored the effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for various types of illnesses, such as Major Depressive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Schizophrenia and migraine. Since the first clinical study in 1995, over 35 randomized, sham-controlled trials have shown that TMS is an effective and safe treatment for depression. Read more about the scientific support for TMS in Janicak’s & Carpenter’s review of the evidence or Carpenter and colleagues’ multisite study.
The first type of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a treatment for depression.
Researchers conducted the largest clinical study on TMS and depression to date. They found that 14% of depressed patients received remission when given rTMS treatment, while only 5% of patients given sham treatment received the same results (sham treatment is like placebo, an inactive treatment that mimics the real procedure). After the first trial, all research participants, including those who were given sham treatment, were offered rTMS in a second trial. This time, almost 30% of depressed patients completely recovered from depression.
Scientists explored the effects of a new type of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with custom made coils that could stimulate more deeply into the brain’s tissue. The technique was called “deep” TMS or dTMS and proved to be very effective in alleviating depressive symptoms for highly “treatment-resistant” patients with depression. In 2013, the FDA approved dTMS as a depression treatment for patients who are not helped by antidepressants or who can’t tolerate antidepressant medications. (Read more about the science behind dTMS for treatment-resistant depression here: Levkovitz et. al, 2015)
TMS researchers Philip G Janicak & Mehmet E Dokucu pointed out that Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is as effective as antidepressants for treating depression. They also noted that, unlike studies of antidepressant medication, the TMS research has been conducted with the most difficult cases of depression:
“In summary, TMS is a promising, novel antidepressant treatment still relatively early in its development. Its efficacy and safety have improved significantly with continued research and clinical experience. The effect size for TMS antidepressant efficacy is at least comparable to those of antidepressant medications even though studies included only treatment-resistant or treatment-intolerant depressed patients.”
Get more information about TMS at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).
What is transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)?
Now, let’s switch focus to our second form of medication-free brain stimulation technique. If you suffer from depression, but don’t want to visit a health care facility, you have the option to treat depression at home using transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). tDCS targets the same brain area as TMS, but uses electrical current instead of electromagnetic fields. (You’ll find a comparison between TMS and tDCS in the last section of this article.)
How does tDCS work?
tDCS is a form of brain stimulation that uses a low-strength electric current to help activate the brain cells in specific areas of the brain. tDCS has been used to treat depression for decades and should not be confused with electroconvulsive or ‘electroshock’ therapy (ECT). The tDCS current (0,5-2 mA) is 400 times weaker than the current used in electroconvulsive therapy and gives less severe and fewer side effects than antidepressant medication.
The tDCS current is delivered through two electrodes, placed on the scalp. When treating depression, the electrodes are placed high up on the forehead to target the brain area called DLPFC (for more information about the DLPFC, visit the next section). A brain stimulation session with tDCS is usually 30 minutes and can be administered at home with a tDCS headset.
tDCS headset (at-home): what it is and who it's for
A tDCS headset is a wearable device designed for home use that delivers the same brain stimulation therapy traditionally offered in clinical settings. The headset resembles a small headband with two electrodes that sit on the forehead, making it portable and convenient for regular use without clinic appointments.
Who benefits most from at-home tDCS:
- People with mild to moderate depression who prefer medication-free treatment
- Those unable to commit to regular clinic visits for TMS (30+ sessions)
- Patients seeking to supplement their existing depression treatment
- Anyone wanting accessible, evidence-based brain stimulation without prescriptions
Key features to look for in a tDCS headset:
- Medical certification: CE marking or FDA clearance ensures safety and efficacy standards
- Built-in safety features: Automatic shut-off, current monitoring, and placement guidance reduce risk
- App integration: Step-by-step instructions and progress tracking improve treatment consistency
- Clinical evidence: Published research demonstrating effectiveness specifically for depression
For a comprehensive breakdown of how tDCS headsets work, their effectiveness, and guidance on choosing the right device, see our complete guide to tDCS headsets.
Why does tDCS work?
The reason for tDCS’s effectiveness is basically the same as for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. As mentioned earlier, depression is associated with lowered activity in an area in the front of the brain, called the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC), which can trigger depressive symptoms such as fatigue, sleeping problems, concentration difficulties and changes in appetite. The electrical current in tDCS stimulates brain activity in the DLPFC and thereby alleviates the depressive symptoms.
What about the scientific evidence for tDCS?
So far, we’ve concluded that tDCS uses electrical current to stimulate the brain’s DLPFC, which alleviates depressive symptoms. But how effective is tDCS for depression?
In 2017, Dr. Andre Brunoni, Assoc. Professor of Psychiatry at the University Hospital of Sao Paulo, and his colleagues explored the effectiveness of tDCS in a research study with 245 depressed participants. The researchers found that:
- 41% of the depressed participants discovered that 50% of their depressive symptoms had disappeared within 6 weeks of using tDCS.
- 24% of the participants completely overcame their depression within 6 weeks.
In 2019, doctoral researcher Julian Mutz and colleagues compared different forms of brain stimulation for depression. The researchers concluded that tDCS was an effective depression treatment and a less expensive option than TMS, ECT or psychotherapy.
“…we found tDCS to be efficacious across outcomes in both pairwise and network meta-analyses. Given that tDCS tends to be a less expensive treatment than transcranial magnetic stimulation, ECT, or psychotherapy, this finding is particularly relevant for policy makers who might consider tDCS as a clinical therapy outside the research setting.”
If you want to view a timeline of tDCS history, including the most important scientific discoveries since ancient times, click here.
Can you use tDCS at home?
As you’ve probably figured out by now, one big difference between Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is that TMS is always administered by a professional at a health care clinic, whereas tDCS can be bought online and used at home. Flow Neuroscience has developed the first CE-marked and medically approved tDCS device for home use. It’s Bluetooth controlled and managed via the Flow Depression app. The Flow tDCS device uses the same technique as the devices in the research studies and you can get it here.
- Order the Flow headset from the webshop.
- Download the free Flow depression app.
- In a few days, your headset will be delivered. When it arrives, unpack your headset and start the app.
- The app will show you how to put your headset on and how to start the stimulation. Just follow the instructions.
- You’ll receive five 30-minute stimulation sessions per week, during the first three weeks. After that, there will be one or two sessions per week for as long as you like.
- Most people feel a reduction of their depressive symptoms after 3-4 weeks.
If you want to know more about how to use the Flow tDCS device, watch this video:
What’s the difference between TMS and tDCS?
In this section, you’ll find an overview of similarities and differences between Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS).
Medical approvals
Both TMS and tDCS are medically approved treatments for depression.
- TMS: In 2008, TMS was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a depression treatment. TMS is used in hospitals in many countries around the world, including the USA, the UK and Sweden.
- Flow is a certified medical device with long-standing approval by the UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Flow is CE-marked and approved for medical use by the British Standards Institution (BSI) under EU Medical Device Regulations (MDR) confirming its clinically proven efficacy for treating major depressive disorder and safety as a low-risk active medical device. Flow has also received approval from the USA's Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as an at home depression treatment.
At the clinic or at home
Neither TMS or tDCS require anesthesia or other medications. You can resume daily activities after the brain stimulation sessions.
- TMS: The treatment is administered by a health care professional at a clinic. Ask your doctor about TMS and where to get the treatment. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has formulated some questions to ask your health care professional before receiving TMS.
- tDCS: You can complete the full treatment at home. The first medically approved tDCS device for home use is available to buy online. Read more about how tDCS works here.
Effectiveness
It’s difficult to make a fair comparison in this domain because most of the high quality research on TMS focuses on treatment resistant depression, whereas the research on tDCS focuses on all types of depression. However, brain stimulation research tells us that both TMS and tDCS are effective treatments. In 2019, Mutz and colleagues compared different forms of non-surgical brain stimulation and found both rTMS and tDCS to be effective treatments for Major Depressive Disorder (depression). 6750 participants were included in the study.
- TMS: In 2010, a research team at the University of South Carolina in Charleston found that as many as 30% of depressed patients could completely overcome depression with TMS treatment. If you suffer from stubborn, treatment resistant depression, TMS may be a helpful substitute for antidepressants
- tDCS: In 2017, a large research study showed that 41% of depressed patients had a 50% symptom reduction within 6 weeks and that 24% completely overcame their depression with tDCS. If you suffer from mild to moderate depression, tDCS may be the medication-free treatment for you (read more about the different levels of depression and take an online depression test here: Am I depressed?)
- In October 2024, the largest clinical trial into tDCS in the UK and US was published by the authoritative Nature Medicine.
2024 Multi-Center Trial | October 2024
Double-blind study across 12 centers with 1,200 participants showed significant improvement in depression symptoms compared to control group.
Patients who used Flow for 10-weeks were about twice as likely to see their depression go into remission than those in a control group who performed the same procedure with the current switched off.
The placebo-controlled RCT is considered the gold standard method for evaluating efficacy and was carried out by Kings College London, the University of East London and UTHealth Houston.
Treatment protocols
The exact number of stimulation sessions, as well as duration, varies for both treatments. Below, you’ll find a general overview of the treatment protocols.
- TMS: A TMS session is about 30-60 minutes long. A patient will usually have about 5 sessions per week and 20-30 sessions in total.
- tDCS: A tDCS session is about 30 minutes long. The recommended protocol includes 5 stimulation sessions per week during the first three weeks and, after that, one or two sessions per week. Most users notice a symptom reduction within 6 weeks.
Side effects
In comparison to antidepressant medications and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), both TMS and tDCS have mild side effects. Side effects from tDCS are less severe than those from TMS.
- TMS: Side effects from Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation include mild to moderate headaches, muscle contractions during the procedure and a small risk of seizures. .
- tDCS: Side effects from transcranial Direct Current Stimulation include mild stinging sensations under the electrodes and mild headaches that pass after 30 minutes.
Hopefully, this article guided you through the history of TMS and tDCS with minimal effort. The important thing to remember is that both TMS and tDCS are effective treatments for depression and can be successfully used as alternatives to antidepressant medication.
Which Should You Choose: TMS or tDCS? A Decision Framework
Choose TMS (Clinic-Based) If:
✓ You have severe treatment-resistant depression (failed 2+ antidepressants)
✓ You can commit to daily clinic visits for 4-6 week, and any subsequent maintenance sessions if required
✓ Insurance or NHS covers treatment (significantly reducing cost)
✓ You've exhausted other options and need intensive intervention
✓ You prefer medical supervision throughout treatment
Choose tDCS (At-Home) If:
✓ You have mild, moderate, or severe depression (not treatment-refractory depression)
✓ You prefer home treatment convenience
✓ Cost is a barrier (£399 vs £3,000+)
✓ You want to combine with therapy or other treatments
✓ You can't commit to daily clinic visits (work, caring responsibilities)
✓ You're looking for ongoing maintenance treatment
✓ You want no systemic side effects
Consider Both (Sequential or Combined):
Some people use tDCS first (lower cost, easier access) and escalate to TMS if needed. Others use TMS for acute treatment, then tDCS for maintenance. Discuss with your healthcare provider.
When Neither Is Right:
If you have active suicidal thoughts, severe symptoms interfering with basic function, or need immediate intervention—speak to your GP or crisis team immediately. Brain stimulation works alongside safety planning, not as emergency treatment.
Related Readings
The Bottom Line:
Both are effective, evidence-based treatments. Your choice depends on:
- Depression severity (due to cost/practicalities most people would only consider TMS for severe/treatment-resistant depression, tDCS can be accessed for all depressions severities)
- Convenience needs (TMS requires clinic commitment, tDCS is at-home)
- Budget (tDCS significantly cheaper if paying privately)
- Treatment history (TMS for medication failures, tDCS for first-line or combination)
What Is the Cost of TMS Treatment?
Private TMS Costs (UK):
- Initial consultation: £600
- Full treatment course: £2,200-£8,000
- Per-session cost: £400
- Maintenance sessions: £4000 each
NHS TMS Costs:
- Free to patients if eligible
- Availability: Llimited to a small number of specific NHS Trusts and areas
- Waiting times: Often 6-12 months
- Criteria: Usually requires failure of 2+ antidepressants
tDCS Costs (Flow Headset):
- Device: £399 one-time purchase
- Ongoing: No per-session costs, £18 for 2 boxes of pads that covers 8 weeks of treatment
- Unlimited use: Same device for years
- Cost per session: Effectively £0.20 (if used 2,000 times over device lifespan)
NHS tDCS Costs:
- Free via Flow NHS programme in a small number of participating areas
- Check availability: Contact your GP or visit Flow's NHS page
Insurance Coverage:
- Some private health insurance covers TMS (check policy)
- tDCS coverage rare but growing
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis:
For someone needing 6-12 months of treatment:
- TMS: Initial course (£3,000) + 2 maintenance courses (£6,000) = £9,000/year
- tDCS: One-time device (£399) + £18 for 2 boxes of pads that cover 2 months of treatment = £489 for almost a full year fo treatment
If paying privately and not treatment-resistant, tDCS offers significantly better value whilst maintaining similar effectiveness.
Related articles:
References:
1. TMS Effectiveness Research
- Reference: O'Reardon, J.P., et al. (2007). "Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial." Biological Psychiatry, 62(11):1208-16
- Context: TMS shows 40-50% symptom reduction, 50-60% for treatment-resistant depression
- Link: https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(07)00573-4/fulltext
- Use in: TMS effectiveness section
2. tDCS Effectiveness Meta-Analysis
- Reference: Brunoni, A.R., et al. (2016). "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the acute treatment of major depressive episodes: a systematic review with network meta-analysis." JAMA Psychiatry, 74(2):143-152
- Context: tDCS shows 40-45% symptom reduction for depression
- Link: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2596158
- Use in: tDCS effectiveness section, comparison table
3. NICE Technology Appraisal - TMS
- Reference: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2015). "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression." NICE interventional procedures guidance IPG542
- Context: NICE recommends TMS for treatment-resistant depression
- Link: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg542
- Use in: TMS section, NHS availability
4. Royal College of Psychiatrists tDCS Position
- Reference: Royal College of Psychiatrists. (2020). "Position statement on the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)"
- Context: RCPsych recommends tDCS as evidence-based treatment option
- Use in: tDCS section, evidence base
5. TMS vs tDCS Comparative Study
- Reference: Razza, L.B., et al. (2020). "A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in depressive episodes." Depression and Anxiety, 37(7):594-608
- Context: Both treatments show similar effectiveness ranges; main differences are delivery method and intensity
- Link: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/da.23004
- Use in: Comparison sections
6. TMS Safety Profile
- Reference: Rossi, S., et al. (2021). "Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines." Clinical Neurophysiology, 132(1):269-306
- Context: TMS safety data, side effect profiles
- Use in: Side effects section, safety comparison
7. tDCS Safety Research
- Reference: Bikson, M., et al. (2016). "Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence Based Update 2016." Brain Stimulation, 9(5):641-661
- Context: tDCS safety for home use, side effect data
- Link: https://www.brainstimjrnl.com/article/S1935-861X(16)30110-8/fulltext
- Use in: Safety section, home-use justification
8. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
- Reference: Vallejo-Torres, L., et al. (2018). "Cost-effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy compared to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a decision-analytic model." Psychological Medicine, 48(9):1459-1470
- Context: Cost comparison data for brain stimulation treatments
- Use in: Cost breakdown section